Aftermath and Effects of the Hundred Years War

Consequence and Effects of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War Between England and France went on for in excess of a hundred years (1337â€1453) of now and again conflictâ before England seemed to have been vanquished. Any contention enduring this long would cause changes, and the outcome of the wars influenced the two countries. The Uncertain End While we currently perceive that an unmistakable period of Anglo-French clash finished in 1453, there was no harmony settlement in the Hundred Years War, and the French stayed arranged for the English to return for quite a while. As far as concerns them, the English crown didn’t surrender its case on the French seat. Britains proceeded with intrusions werent so much an exertion at recouping their lost domain, but since Henry VI had gone frantic, and contending respectable groups couldnt concur on past and future strategy. This contributed incredibly to England’s own battle for power, known as the ​Wars of the Roses between the places of Lancaster and York for control of Henry VI during his psychological maladjustment. The contention was mostly taken on by conflict solidified veterans of the Hundred Years War. The Wars of the Roses tore at the elites of Britainâ and murdered numerous others too. A watershed had been reached, nonetheless, and the French south was currently for all time out of English hands. Calais stayed under English control until 1558, and the case on the French seat was just dropped in 1801.​ Impacts on England and France France had been seriously harmed during the battling. This was incompletely brought about by legitimate armed forces leading grisly attacks intended to subvert the resistance ruler by murdering regular citizens, consuming structures, and harvests and taking whatever wealth they could discover. It was additionally as often as possible brought about by ‘routiers,’ rascals much of the time fighters - serving no ruler and simply looting to endure and get more extravagant. Zones got drained, populaces fled or were slaughtered, the economy was harmed and disturbed, and ever more noteworthy consumption was sucked into the military, raising expenses. Antiquarian Guy Blois called the impacts of the 1430s and 1440s a ‘Hiroshima in Normandy. Obviously, a few people profited by the additional military use. Then again, while charge in pre-war France had been intermittent, in the post-war period it was normal and built up. This expansion of government had the option to finance a standing armed force which was worked around the new innovation of explosive expanding both imperial force and income, and the size of the military they could field. France had started the excursion to an absolutist government which would characterizeâ later hundreds of years. Also, the harmed economy before long started to recoup. Britain, interestingly, had started the war with more sorted out assessment structures than France, and a lot more prominent responsibility to a parliament, yet illustrious incomes fell extraordinarily over the war, including the significant misfortunes brought about by losing affluent French districts, for example, Normandy and Aquitaine. For some time, notwithstanding, some Englishmen got rich from the loot taken from France, building houses and places of worship back in England. The Sense of Identity Maybe the most enduring effect of the war, particularly in England, was the rise of an a lot more prominent feeling of energy and national character. This was to a limited extent because of exposure spread to accumulate charges for the battling, and somewhat because of ages of individuals, both English and French, knowing no circumstance other than war in France. The French crown profited by triumphing, over England, yet over other nonconformist French aristocrats, restricting France closer as a solitary body.

Quality Management Tool

Dynamic Quality administration, referred to likewise as quality control, is a framework used by a wide range of organizations all around the globe. This sort of the board framework can help any kind of association give customers the best item as well as administration conceivable by dealing with its exercises, this focuses to an expansion in its convenience and profitability. Through the numerous sorts of frameworks utilized for quality administration, a business can screen and measure the nature of its items or potentially benefits being offered to consumers.An powerful quality administration framework causes a business to build its serious edge, increment its authoritative turn of events, feature its consumer loyalty, and the sky is the limit from there. Complete quality administration devices exemplify explicit things an association can use to assess the accomplishment of the procedure. Some shared all out quality administration instruments incorporate Pareto graphs, dissipate plo ts, flowcharts, and tree outlines. Every one considers a particular audit of a company’s tasks. Organizations can utilize these instruments together or exclusively, contingent upon the extent of a company’s absolute quality management.Managers have an assortment of devices and procedures known as the Seven Management and Planning Tools, my paper will feature the Tree graph. The seven new administration arranging devices are a lot of instruments that emerged out of Japanese development in the post-World War Two period. They were advanced through the distribution of the book â€Å"Seven New Quality Tools for Managers and Staff† which opened up in English in 1983. These apparatuses were advanced in the United States by the counseling firm GOAL/QPC, and have been utilized by various firms since 1984 to improve their quality arranging and enhancements efforts.Many associations officially joined these devices into approach arrangement exercises. Despite the fact that these instruments are not, at this point genuinely new devices they are, in any case, normally utilized by organizations are as yet important to the present directors, subsequently supervisors should, acclimate themselves with these apparatuses. The seven apparatuses furnish directors with improved ability to settle on better choices and encourage the execution procedure. The tree outline is an apparatus to delineate the ways and assignment important to finish a particular undertaking or arrive at a predefined objective. To omplete the chart begins with one thing that branches into at least two, every one of which branch into at least two, and proceeds. It takes after a tree, with trunk and heaps of branches. This device is utilized to limit broad classes into littler detail focuses. Building up the tree outline encourages you move your intuition bit by bit from all inclusive statements to points of interest The Tree Diagram can be utilized in a wide range of circumstances, for exam ple, when an issue is known or being tended to in expansive all inclusive statements and you should move to explicit subtleties, for example, when to create coherent strides to accomplish an objective.It is likewise utilized when creating activities to do an answer or other arrangement, when breaking down procedures in detail, and while testing for the underlying driver of an issue. To effective form a tree outline a group can be set up to prescribe steps to take care of the issue or execute the arrangement. Everybody ought to concur on the principle objective before starting. The principle task included and achieving the objective is significant. The systems utilized in the chart are to build up an announcement of the objective, venture, plan, issue or whatever is being studied.The substance of the graph will change dependent on the objective of the undertaking. For instance an association concentrated on improving workforce the executives would put together there chart with respec t to the issues identified with improving HR. As we are altogether mindful HR holds the way to continued quality improvement. Thusly the HR office must be a top of the line quality association itself. It can achieve this by applying absolute quality administration standards to its own inside activities; and plan human asset rehearses for help an all out quality-orientation.The tree charts as genuinely straightforward and schedule, however entrepreneurs and supervisors must have a specific degree of experience to finish choice tree identified with account. Choice trees normally require certain information on quantitative or measurable experience to finish the procedure precisely. Neglecting to precisely comprehend choice trees can prompt a contorted result of business openings or choice prospects. Choice trees typically need inner and outside data concerning the business and its working environment.Owners and supervisors must have the option to assemble the straightforward snippets o f data to precisely gauge the open doors recorded on the choice tree. It can likewise be trying to remember factors for the choice tree, wipe out copy data or transfer data in a sound, consistent design. Proprietors and chiefs should likewise choose whether the choice tree ought to speak to dollars, rates or a mix. The powerlessness to finish the choice tree utilizing just one lot of data can be fairly difficult.While incomplete data can make entanglements in the choice tree procedure and bounty of data can likewise be an issue. Proprietors and supervisors can make a â€Å"paralysis of analysis,† where these people face a lot of data when settling on a choice. Rather than settling on a choice and advancing the company’s crucial vision, proprietors and administrators invest more energy seeing choice trees. Choice trees can require more examination than different investigation techniques and hinder the dynamic procedure ConclusionQuality Management System as per ISO-9001 :20 set up in an association is consistently a smart thought, basically in light of the fact that it will give you numerous points of interest, for example, agreeing to an expanding number of customers’ necessities for a Quality Management System, other than improving your associations business the executives framework, your hierarchical exhibition and expanding the worldwide acknowledgment to have the option to contend in the business sectors. Organizations rely upon their clients and in this manner ought to get present and future client needs, and should meet client necessities and endeavor to surpass client expectations.By fusing the administration apparatuses it permits an organization to recognize the underlying drivers that upset its definitive objective of value and execute answers for address those issues. References (Second Edition, 2004 Excerpted from The Quality Toolbox, second Addition) (E, 2008 Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence) (http://www. wisegee k. com/what-are-the-diverse kinds of-complete quality-administration devices. htm) (Covey, 2004 The 7 Habits of Hightly Effective People Covey, Stephen R. Simon and Schuster Inc. )

BOLO in Law Enforcement Code Be on the Lookout

BOLO in Law Enforcement Code Be on the Lookout For people who dont work in any field of law enforcement, you may have heard certain terms or phrases used by police officers and youve been wondering what they mean.Well, law enforcement has an entirely unique lingo; this is why you have no clue what theyre saying.One of the aims of this police jargon is to ensure a feeling of unity among officers and also to provide the best way of communication between them.These kinds of codes or police jargon began from the 1920s to 1960s, as radio communication between police officers became more rampant.This was because radio traffic needed to be kept low to ensure that communication lines dont get jammed.However, in contemporary times with the advancement in technology, most of these terms used in police lingo are to quickly spread useful information about a criminal occurrence to officers on the ground.WHAT’S THE USEFULNESS OF POLICE JARGON?Initially, police lingo may look pointless or too difficult for servicemen to understand but these s eemingly meaningless terms serve a huge purpose.It may seem that the whole purpose of using these acronyms is for the communication between two law enforcement men to stay encrypted from the public, but this is not so.It may be part of the reason but the primary purpose of making use of law enforcement jargon is to keep the information being passed across straight to the point and short.Aside from this, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is big on short transmissions; this is with the aim of saving bandwidth.If huge volumes of radio transmissions are passed across through the airwaves it restricts its use for other reasons.Whats more, these short and concise abbreviations are very important for the safety of law enforcement officials, whether at traffic lights, following up a car jack, or patrolling.The primary aim of the officer should be solving the task at hand or effectively handling the subject they are engaging with, without having to spend so much time trying to aler t other officers on whats happening.To elaborate some more, in 2016, 56 law enforcement officers in the United States were killed in the line of duty, with 26 of them killed by gunfire.This shows what officers have to deal with on a daily basis.In the line of fire, every second matters and these codes can help an officer quickly get information about a situation before it gets worse.As far as security matters are concerned, every single second and minute counts and the sooner the right information is passed to the right person, the higher the chances of lives being saved.In the United States, for every one million civilian, there are a hundred thousand police officers and in order to ensure smooth operations with such a huge difference ratio, law enforcement agents must be able to communicate quickly and efficiently with each other and this communication is most effective through codes. Source: PSMagWHAT IS THE TRANSMISSION PROCESS TO LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS?Ever been driving or in traffic somewhere and you suddenly see a police vehicle speed passed you with its siren blaring and lights flashing?If youre like most people, youve probably thought about how they all knew where to go and where they were going at the same time.Thats actually a valid train of thought because someone sent them there and informed them they were needed in that particular location, most times, urgently, which is why they zoom past like that.Often times, it was a police dispatcher who directed them to that location. Police dispatchers are extremely important to the law enforcement agency.They may be overlooked most times but are a vital aspect to the success of police officers in the field.WHO TRANSMITS DISTRESS CALLS TO POLICE OFFICERS?As we saw above police dispatchers are responsible for passing across distress calls to the officers on patrol.Do not be mistaken, as easy as sending short po lice jargon acronyms to other law enforcement servicemen sounds, it can be very stressful.More often, dispatchers also double as 911 operators, this entails receiving distress calls and then dispatching officers to the location of the call using concise terms.Dispatchers usually receive the first contact with the distressed persons before other law enforcement agents do. This is why using short codes or lingo is essential.Most times the cause of call could be extremely urgent and trying to pass the information regularly to police officers around that location could slow the response time down.There are many kinds of lingos, slangs and acronyms used by law enforcement agents, but for the sake of this article, we will be examining a common police jargon known as BOLO.Im pretty sure you must have heard this word being used by police officers and you have wondered what on earth a BOLO is.Here is what BOLO is not, BOLO is not a new weapon used by the police neither is it the name of a ne w software used by law enforcement agents. What then is BOLO?MEANING OF BOLOBOLO is an acronym for “Be on the Lookout”.It’s majorly used by law enforcement agents to send information to officers in other parts of a city or country to be on the lookout for a fugitive, criminal or law offender that is on the run.It could also be used for missing persons or stolen items.When an officer calls another and says “BOLO for a blonde man driving a red SUV with a shattered windscreen”, what the message simply means is the receiver of the call should be on the Lookout for any blonde man driving a red SUV with a broken windscreen.It could probably be that the blonde man caused an accident and he fled the accident scene or that he was involved in a shootout with the police and he is on the run.Once the police officer receives the call, he starts paying attention to every car that passes by him especially if it is a red vehicle and once he identifies the car, he can flag it down and have the driver arrested or call for backup if there is a need for backup.Most often a BOLO signal is sent to many officers at a time.If a crime is committed and the culprit is on the run, all cops in the city and the ones at the different entry and exit points of the city including airports, seaports, train and bus station etc are alerted and they all swing into action to make sure that the criminal is caught.UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCE IS A BOLO ISSUED?A BOLO is issued mostly in a situation where there is a criminal on the run from law enforcement agents.Most times people break the law and instead of paying for the offense, they try to play smart and send the police on a wild goose chase after them.It could be that there was an officer that witnessed the crime and could not arrest the criminal because he was overpowered or the crime was reported via a 911 call and the description of the culprit was given.Once the law enforcement agents get this report, they swing into action immediately a nd send a message to all their men stationed at the different corners of the city to be on the Lookout for the criminal.A BOLO can be issued for a serial rapist or killer, a kidnapper, a robber, a gang of thieves, members of a drug cartel, smugglers, traffickers, and even drunk drivers.There is no specific crime that a person has to commit before a BOLO is issued on him, as far as the person is considered a threat to the society or they’re absconding from paying for his offense, a BOLO is placed on him to make sure he is arrested.A BOLO can also be issued on a person that is missing. When people get missing and their families cant get in touch with them to know their whereabouts and safety, a report is made to the cops and a BOLO is sent out to other officers to be on the lookout for the missing person.This will help in finding the missing person fast, it could be that the person was involved in an accident and didnt have an ID on him for identification or he was kidnapped or mugg ed.Whatever the circumstance surrounding the disappearance may be, once a BOLO is issued the person will easily be found.A BOLO could also be issued on a missing or stolen item.For example if someones car got hijacked or stolen from him, he can call the police and alert them immediately that his car just got stolen from him, he will describe the car and the direction in which the thieves went.After the law enforcement agents receive the complaint, they signal their men along that route to be on the lookout for the car of the man so that the car can be recovered and the thieves apprehended.WHAT DOES A BOLO CALL ENTAIL?When a BOLO call is made concerning a person or an object it isnt a sketchy and summarized call it is rather very descriptive.This is because, for whatever or whoever it is to be apprehended by the cops, they have to know exactly what they are looking for so that they do not end up arresting the wrong person.When a person calls to report a crime, he is expected to give as many details as he can remember of the criminals to help the police lay hold on the criminal without much stress.The same is applicable when a “Be on the Lookout” order is issued.If what is being looked for is a person, the BOLO description will include the physical features of the person and his appearance such as:His/Her race or skin color (could be an Asian, a Caucasian, an African, or an Arab etc).His/Her hair color (blonde, brunette, grey, dyed etc).His/ her  height   and weight (it could be an  estimation, since the reporter of the crime may not have so many details he could say about 5 feet tall or any other height estimation)Gender (Male or female)Description of the clothing. The caller has to describe the clothing the person is wearing. This description includes the type of clothing if it is shorts, pants, dress, jumpsuit etc. The color of the clothing is also important. Every single detail about the clothing is important if the criminal has something as little as a handkerchief with him or a ring on a finger it should also be included in the clothing description.Means of transport used by the offender: a car, motorcycle etc and the description of the means.If it is an object that is missing say a vehicle, the description also has to be detailed.If its a vehicle the following description will be provided for easy identification:The manufacturer of the car. For example a Cadillac, Toyota, Mercedes, Ford etc.The model and year of the car.The color of the car.The license plate number of the car.Other unique details on the car such as a sticker, the type of rims used on the tire, a damage on the car etc.All these information is necessary so that the particular person or item is found without any mix-up.A vague BOLO usually gives the officers a tough time because it is easy for them to identify the person or item if the details are elaborate.When reporting a crime to the police or to 911 ensure you give all the details you know, this will make the ir job easier.That is why you find cops on crime scenes trying to get information from the eye witness of the crime, the more information they have, the closer they get to apprehend the suspect.Despite the fact that a BOLO is descriptive, it is also meant to be short and straight to the point.IMPORTANCE OF BOLOWithout being told, you can already tell that BOLO is very beneficial to law enforcement agencies.If it wasnt important or helpful, it would have probably been ditched a long time ago.Let’s see some of the importance of BOLO:1. BOLO Facilitates the Apprehending of CriminalsCrime is on the increase on a daily basis and the best way law enforcement agents can ensure that every criminal pays for his crime is by making sure that he is arrested.A survey by the FBI carried out in 2016 showed that about 1.2 million violent crimes were committed in the US in 2016 alone.The same study showed that 64.3% of the reported crime was for aggravated assault while 26.6% was over robbery, 7.7 % were rape-related crimes.According to the same report, 10.7 million arrests excluding traffic violations were made in 2016. Below is a Pie Chart showing the crime rate and the percentage of each crime Source: FBIYou can agree with me that this is a very huge figure.You may be wondering how the police were able to make all these arrests, a major percentage of these arrests were made based on BOLO alerts.If not for BOLO the figures would have been increased by a greater percentage.2. BOLO Helps the Law Enforcement Agents Not to Make Wrong ArrestsWhen a crime is committed, there are many suspects, but the fact that someone is a suspect doesnt make him guilty of the offense.A BOLO call placed with the appropriate description of the culprit will help the cops to get the exact person.The reason why innocent people are arrested sometimes is because the cops dont have specific evidence that will link them to the offender and so they end up picking the wrong people.Research carried out by Aizman Law firm with information from the Michigan registry showed that at least 4.1 percent of all the defendants that had been sentenced to death were innocent.According to the report, since the 1970s m ore than 8000 people who had been put on the death row were falsely convicted.Below is a graph showing the exoneration of wrongfully accused persons on a yearly basis based on the data from the Michigan registry. Source: AizmanlawIf there was an accurate BOLO issued out with the exact description of the offender, these innocent people wouldnt have had to pay for offences they didnt commit.3. A BOLO Can Help in the Arrest of a Defaulting Officer Who is on the RunBy sending a signal to the other cops, the defaulting cop wont be able to infiltrate the system and get away with the crime.Sometimes, police officers are also guilty of committing offenses and if the eyewitness of the crime doesnt call 911 immediately to report the cop may get away with it and actually fool the entire police force into not suspecting that he is the criminal.Some cops have been convicted of crimes they committed while they were off duty.Below is a chart showing the data of cops that have been arrested due to committing offenses between the years 2005 to 2011. Source: Washington PostMost of them didnt commit the crime while on duty or wearing their uniform but with the accurate description from one or two eyewitnesses, the defaulting cop was caught.In a case like that, a BOLO is sent to his/her other colleagues and he/she is arrested immediately before further harm is done.4. A BOLO Can Be Used to Alert Members of the PublicIn some cases, a BOLO is placed for the public, warning them to be on the lookout for a dangerous criminal that is on the run.This information can be passed via a broadcast or through newspaper or magazine publication.This will help to keep the public alert and make them easily identify the criminal when spotted and to report to the nearest police station immediately.Warning the public will also help to save the lives of some unsuspecting people that may fall victim to the criminals attack.Sometimes the police may have a hard time apprehending some criminals and in order to keep the public safe and to easily get news on the criminal, they alert the public to be on the lookout.This form of BOLO has helped to save the lives of many people and has also gotten criminals that are on the run arrested.For example, if a rapist or a serial killer is on the run and the cops are having a hard time apprehending him, they alert the public to be at alert and give a description of the criminal and sometimes if the picture is available, the picture of the criminal will be attached.Members of the public are advised to alert the police if the criminal is spotted.This is mostly done for serial criminals who have a particular pattern or cycle they follow to attack people or criminals that have picked on a particular set of victims.CONCLUSIONThe BOLO code is essential to help police officers know details of a subject very quickly which aids the speed of their response time.However, this is just one of the many acronyms in the police jargon.”If you are looking for a career in the police force or simply are just inter ested by such unique codes, by now you should be able to fully understand what the code BOLO means.So, the next time you hear the code BOLO, you know what to be on the lookout for.So far, BOLO has helped the law enforcement agents to arrest, convict and charge criminals for their offenses.If BOLO was not used by cops, more than half of criminals would have gotten away with the crime, because criminals will be able to easily slip past officers stationed at strategic points without policemen or women on duty knowing a wanted criminal or a stolen item just passed under their nose.For example, if a bank robbery happened in the center of town and the robbers drove towards the outskirt of the town, the only way the police officers at the border and the outskirts of the town will be alerted of the approaching group of criminals is through a BOLO.Without the BOLO, the criminals can drive past and even wave the cops on duty without them suspecting anything.With the use of BOLO, law enforceme nt agents can now work together as one with the same information, at the same time, to clamp down on criminals and also to restore stolen and missing items or people.

BOLO in Law Enforcement Code Be on the Lookout

BOLO in Law Enforcement Code Be on the Lookout For people who dont work in any field of law enforcement, you may have heard certain terms or phrases used by police officers and youve been wondering what they mean.Well, law enforcement has an entirely unique lingo; this is why you have no clue what theyre saying.One of the aims of this police jargon is to ensure a feeling of unity among officers and also to provide the best way of communication between them.These kinds of codes or police jargon began from the 1920s to 1960s, as radio communication between police officers became more rampant.This was because radio traffic needed to be kept low to ensure that communication lines dont get jammed.However, in contemporary times with the advancement in technology, most of these terms used in police lingo are to quickly spread useful information about a criminal occurrence to officers on the ground.WHAT’S THE USEFULNESS OF POLICE JARGON?Initially, police lingo may look pointless or too difficult for servicemen to understand but these s eemingly meaningless terms serve a huge purpose.It may seem that the whole purpose of using these acronyms is for the communication between two law enforcement men to stay encrypted from the public, but this is not so.It may be part of the reason but the primary purpose of making use of law enforcement jargon is to keep the information being passed across straight to the point and short.Aside from this, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is big on short transmissions; this is with the aim of saving bandwidth.If huge volumes of radio transmissions are passed across through the airwaves it restricts its use for other reasons.Whats more, these short and concise abbreviations are very important for the safety of law enforcement officials, whether at traffic lights, following up a car jack, or patrolling.The primary aim of the officer should be solving the task at hand or effectively handling the subject they are engaging with, without having to spend so much time trying to aler t other officers on whats happening.To elaborate some more, in 2016, 56 law enforcement officers in the United States were killed in the line of duty, with 26 of them killed by gunfire.This shows what officers have to deal with on a daily basis.In the line of fire, every second matters and these codes can help an officer quickly get information about a situation before it gets worse.As far as security matters are concerned, every single second and minute counts and the sooner the right information is passed to the right person, the higher the chances of lives being saved.In the United States, for every one million civilian, there are a hundred thousand police officers and in order to ensure smooth operations with such a huge difference ratio, law enforcement agents must be able to communicate quickly and efficiently with each other and this communication is most effective through codes. Source: PSMagWHAT IS THE TRANSMISSION PROCESS TO LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS?Ever been driving or in traffic somewhere and you suddenly see a police vehicle speed passed you with its siren blaring and lights flashing?If youre like most people, youve probably thought about how they all knew where to go and where they were going at the same time.Thats actually a valid train of thought because someone sent them there and informed them they were needed in that particular location, most times, urgently, which is why they zoom past like that.Often times, it was a police dispatcher who directed them to that location. Police dispatchers are extremely important to the law enforcement agency.They may be overlooked most times but are a vital aspect to the success of police officers in the field.WHO TRANSMITS DISTRESS CALLS TO POLICE OFFICERS?As we saw above police dispatchers are responsible for passing across distress calls to the officers on patrol.Do not be mistaken, as easy as sending short po lice jargon acronyms to other law enforcement servicemen sounds, it can be very stressful.More often, dispatchers also double as 911 operators, this entails receiving distress calls and then dispatching officers to the location of the call using concise terms.Dispatchers usually receive the first contact with the distressed persons before other law enforcement agents do. This is why using short codes or lingo is essential.Most times the cause of call could be extremely urgent and trying to pass the information regularly to police officers around that location could slow the response time down.There are many kinds of lingos, slangs and acronyms used by law enforcement agents, but for the sake of this article, we will be examining a common police jargon known as BOLO.Im pretty sure you must have heard this word being used by police officers and you have wondered what on earth a BOLO is.Here is what BOLO is not, BOLO is not a new weapon used by the police neither is it the name of a ne w software used by law enforcement agents. What then is BOLO?MEANING OF BOLOBOLO is an acronym for “Be on the Lookout”.It’s majorly used by law enforcement agents to send information to officers in other parts of a city or country to be on the lookout for a fugitive, criminal or law offender that is on the run.It could also be used for missing persons or stolen items.When an officer calls another and says “BOLO for a blonde man driving a red SUV with a shattered windscreen”, what the message simply means is the receiver of the call should be on the Lookout for any blonde man driving a red SUV with a broken windscreen.It could probably be that the blonde man caused an accident and he fled the accident scene or that he was involved in a shootout with the police and he is on the run.Once the police officer receives the call, he starts paying attention to every car that passes by him especially if it is a red vehicle and once he identifies the car, he can flag it down and have the driver arrested or call for backup if there is a need for backup.Most often a BOLO signal is sent to many officers at a time.If a crime is committed and the culprit is on the run, all cops in the city and the ones at the different entry and exit points of the city including airports, seaports, train and bus station etc are alerted and they all swing into action to make sure that the criminal is caught.UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCE IS A BOLO ISSUED?A BOLO is issued mostly in a situation where there is a criminal on the run from law enforcement agents.Most times people break the law and instead of paying for the offense, they try to play smart and send the police on a wild goose chase after them.It could be that there was an officer that witnessed the crime and could not arrest the criminal because he was overpowered or the crime was reported via a 911 call and the description of the culprit was given.Once the law enforcement agents get this report, they swing into action immediately a nd send a message to all their men stationed at the different corners of the city to be on the Lookout for the criminal.A BOLO can be issued for a serial rapist or killer, a kidnapper, a robber, a gang of thieves, members of a drug cartel, smugglers, traffickers, and even drunk drivers.There is no specific crime that a person has to commit before a BOLO is issued on him, as far as the person is considered a threat to the society or they’re absconding from paying for his offense, a BOLO is placed on him to make sure he is arrested.A BOLO can also be issued on a person that is missing. When people get missing and their families cant get in touch with them to know their whereabouts and safety, a report is made to the cops and a BOLO is sent out to other officers to be on the lookout for the missing person.This will help in finding the missing person fast, it could be that the person was involved in an accident and didnt have an ID on him for identification or he was kidnapped or mugg ed.Whatever the circumstance surrounding the disappearance may be, once a BOLO is issued the person will easily be found.A BOLO could also be issued on a missing or stolen item.For example if someones car got hijacked or stolen from him, he can call the police and alert them immediately that his car just got stolen from him, he will describe the car and the direction in which the thieves went.After the law enforcement agents receive the complaint, they signal their men along that route to be on the lookout for the car of the man so that the car can be recovered and the thieves apprehended.WHAT DOES A BOLO CALL ENTAIL?When a BOLO call is made concerning a person or an object it isnt a sketchy and summarized call it is rather very descriptive.This is because, for whatever or whoever it is to be apprehended by the cops, they have to know exactly what they are looking for so that they do not end up arresting the wrong person.When a person calls to report a crime, he is expected to give as many details as he can remember of the criminals to help the police lay hold on the criminal without much stress.The same is applicable when a “Be on the Lookout” order is issued.If what is being looked for is a person, the BOLO description will include the physical features of the person and his appearance such as:His/Her race or skin color (could be an Asian, a Caucasian, an African, or an Arab etc).His/Her hair color (blonde, brunette, grey, dyed etc).His/ her  height   and weight (it could be an  estimation, since the reporter of the crime may not have so many details he could say about 5 feet tall or any other height estimation)Gender (Male or female)Description of the clothing. The caller has to describe the clothing the person is wearing. This description includes the type of clothing if it is shorts, pants, dress, jumpsuit etc. The color of the clothing is also important. Every single detail about the clothing is important if the criminal has something as little as a handkerchief with him or a ring on a finger it should also be included in the clothing description.Means of transport used by the offender: a car, motorcycle etc and the description of the means.If it is an object that is missing say a vehicle, the description also has to be detailed.If its a vehicle the following description will be provided for easy identification:The manufacturer of the car. For example a Cadillac, Toyota, Mercedes, Ford etc.The model and year of the car.The color of the car.The license plate number of the car.Other unique details on the car such as a sticker, the type of rims used on the tire, a damage on the car etc.All these information is necessary so that the particular person or item is found without any mix-up.A vague BOLO usually gives the officers a tough time because it is easy for them to identify the person or item if the details are elaborate.When reporting a crime to the police or to 911 ensure you give all the details you know, this will make the ir job easier.That is why you find cops on crime scenes trying to get information from the eye witness of the crime, the more information they have, the closer they get to apprehend the suspect.Despite the fact that a BOLO is descriptive, it is also meant to be short and straight to the point.IMPORTANCE OF BOLOWithout being told, you can already tell that BOLO is very beneficial to law enforcement agencies.If it wasnt important or helpful, it would have probably been ditched a long time ago.Let’s see some of the importance of BOLO:1. BOLO Facilitates the Apprehending of CriminalsCrime is on the increase on a daily basis and the best way law enforcement agents can ensure that every criminal pays for his crime is by making sure that he is arrested.A survey by the FBI carried out in 2016 showed that about 1.2 million violent crimes were committed in the US in 2016 alone.The same study showed that 64.3% of the reported crime was for aggravated assault while 26.6% was over robbery, 7.7 % were rape-related crimes.According to the same report, 10.7 million arrests excluding traffic violations were made in 2016. Below is a Pie Chart showing the crime rate and the percentage of each crime Source: FBIYou can agree with me that this is a very huge figure.You may be wondering how the police were able to make all these arrests, a major percentage of these arrests were made based on BOLO alerts.If not for BOLO the figures would have been increased by a greater percentage.2. BOLO Helps the Law Enforcement Agents Not to Make Wrong ArrestsWhen a crime is committed, there are many suspects, but the fact that someone is a suspect doesnt make him guilty of the offense.A BOLO call placed with the appropriate description of the culprit will help the cops to get the exact person.The reason why innocent people are arrested sometimes is because the cops dont have specific evidence that will link them to the offender and so they end up picking the wrong people.Research carried out by Aizman Law firm with information from the Michigan registry showed that at least 4.1 percent of all the defendants that had been sentenced to death were innocent.According to the report, since the 1970s m ore than 8000 people who had been put on the death row were falsely convicted.Below is a graph showing the exoneration of wrongfully accused persons on a yearly basis based on the data from the Michigan registry. Source: AizmanlawIf there was an accurate BOLO issued out with the exact description of the offender, these innocent people wouldnt have had to pay for offences they didnt commit.3. A BOLO Can Help in the Arrest of a Defaulting Officer Who is on the RunBy sending a signal to the other cops, the defaulting cop wont be able to infiltrate the system and get away with the crime.Sometimes, police officers are also guilty of committing offenses and if the eyewitness of the crime doesnt call 911 immediately to report the cop may get away with it and actually fool the entire police force into not suspecting that he is the criminal.Some cops have been convicted of crimes they committed while they were off duty.Below is a chart showing the data of cops that have been arrested due to committing offenses between the years 2005 to 2011. Source: Washington PostMost of them didnt commit the crime while on duty or wearing their uniform but with the accurate description from one or two eyewitnesses, the defaulting cop was caught.In a case like that, a BOLO is sent to his/her other colleagues and he/she is arrested immediately before further harm is done.4. A BOLO Can Be Used to Alert Members of the PublicIn some cases, a BOLO is placed for the public, warning them to be on the lookout for a dangerous criminal that is on the run.This information can be passed via a broadcast or through newspaper or magazine publication.This will help to keep the public alert and make them easily identify the criminal when spotted and to report to the nearest police station immediately.Warning the public will also help to save the lives of some unsuspecting people that may fall victim to the criminals attack.Sometimes the police may have a hard time apprehending some criminals and in order to keep the public safe and to easily get news on the criminal, they alert the public to be on the lookout.This form of BOLO has helped to save the lives of many people and has also gotten criminals that are on the run arrested.For example, if a rapist or a serial killer is on the run and the cops are having a hard time apprehending him, they alert the public to be at alert and give a description of the criminal and sometimes if the picture is available, the picture of the criminal will be attached.Members of the public are advised to alert the police if the criminal is spotted.This is mostly done for serial criminals who have a particular pattern or cycle they follow to attack people or criminals that have picked on a particular set of victims.CONCLUSIONThe BOLO code is essential to help police officers know details of a subject very quickly which aids the speed of their response time.However, this is just one of the many acronyms in the police jargon.”If you are looking for a career in the police force or simply are just inter ested by such unique codes, by now you should be able to fully understand what the code BOLO means.So, the next time you hear the code BOLO, you know what to be on the lookout for.So far, BOLO has helped the law enforcement agents to arrest, convict and charge criminals for their offenses.If BOLO was not used by cops, more than half of criminals would have gotten away with the crime, because criminals will be able to easily slip past officers stationed at strategic points without policemen or women on duty knowing a wanted criminal or a stolen item just passed under their nose.For example, if a bank robbery happened in the center of town and the robbers drove towards the outskirt of the town, the only way the police officers at the border and the outskirts of the town will be alerted of the approaching group of criminals is through a BOLO.Without the BOLO, the criminals can drive past and even wave the cops on duty without them suspecting anything.With the use of BOLO, law enforceme nt agents can now work together as one with the same information, at the same time, to clamp down on criminals and also to restore stolen and missing items or people.

Analysis Of The Article The American Ideal - 964 Words

Vasi Papadopulos Mr. Lofaro 20 American History September 28, 2015 The American Ideal As expressed in the constitution, the United States has not lived up to the ideal of equality. Economic inequality has surged into a greater issue over the past several years. Gender inequality is something that has began to reduce in the US ever since the 1900s. Even though big changes have been made, gender inequality stills exists in the workplace due to many reasons. Furthermore, ever since colonial times, racism has been a prodigious problem in the United States . Examples of racial inequality includes poverty and education, as a result, racial inequality has become an obstacle America has been facing all throughout our history First, economic†¦show more content†¦Subsequently, even though big changes have been made, gender inequality stills exists in the workplace. In the United States, the percent of women engaged in the workforce is falling behind other western countries. The United States ranked 22nd best in terms of gender equality out of 135 countries. Researchers say that that the United States is falling behind due to the lack of business and social support for working women. In addition to this, the United States is the only industrialized nation that does not have paid parental leave. Moreover, in an Huffington post article, Katy Hall found that as a result of the Family Medical Leave act of 1993, new parents are guaranteed their jobs twelve weeks after their baby is due. This act does not require the company to give fully paid maternity leave. Unpaid parental leave could make a woman not want to work since if she does it would be harder for her to start a family. Hence, this makes it har der for women to work. If a woman is not having paid maternity leave, then this will cause her to have problems when trying to provide for her child if she does decide to have one. Moreover, a study directed by researchers at San Fernando Valley State College said that â€Å" when an individual with a PhD applies for a position at a university, that individual is significantly more likely to be offered a higher level

Government Of Malaysia Controlling Housing Speculative - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1328 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Topics: Government Essay Did you like this example? In chapter 1 and 2 it has already been discussed by way of introduction and Lending Value Rate (LTV), Real Property Gain Tax, Stamp Duty Fees and Base Lending Rate (BLR) are the ways to monitor or control housing speculative by government of Malaysia. This section is to examine research methodology and theoretical framework in order to understand the nature of the research problems. This framework is to test the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Government Of Malaysia Controlling Housing Speculative" essay for you Create order Questionnaire design and method of data collection will be discussed. At the same time, population and sample size will be covered in this chapter. Therefore, this study is to investigate and to understand the way of control or monitor by government of Malaysia in housing speculative whether effective. This selection of research methodology is very important in ensuring all information and data received will assist in meeting the survey objectives. This chapter focuses or the reason for and choices made in research design. The various stages of the research are as below. 1.Determining the Research Design 2.Type of Investigation 3.Identifying the Time Horizon 4. Data Collection Method Figure 3.1 Steps in Research Methodology With virtually all research there has to be some compromise between the ideal and the actual, and this project is of no exception. Despite setting out with very detail plans for the research design, various factors intervened and impacted on the methodology. 3.2 Theoretical Framework Theoretical Framework is a collection of interrelated concept but not necessarily developed to become a confirmed theory. Thus, it is obviously critical in deductive, theory-testing sorts of studies such as (1) Applied versus Basis research (2) Exploratory versus Confirmatory research (3) Quantitative versus Qualitative research. In these studies, the theoretical framework should be very specific and well organised. The objective of the theoretical framework is to aim at the control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia whether effective. Schematically diagram of theoretical framework below represent the ways to monitor and control housing speculation by government of Malaysia. Loan to Value Ratio Base Lending Rate Control or monitor Housing Speculative by government of Malaysia. Capital Gain Tax for Property Increase Stamp Duty Fees Dependent Variable Independent Variable Figure 3.2: Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical Framework Generally, research can be categorized into two styles of variables which are dependent variable and independent variable. A variable is a concept that can vary or have more than one value. It certainly affect the outcome if any measurement taken. Hence, it is important to define the variables for the research purpose. The illustration above showed that the independent variables which consist of loan to value ratio, base lending rate, capital gain tax on property and increase stamp duty fees influences the direction and the volume of change of the dependent variable, which is the control or monitor housing speculative by government of Malaysia. 3.2.1 Independent Variables Blundell and Stephen (1998) defined independent variables as the presumed cause of some changes in the dependent variables. In the scientific experiment, one cannot have a dependent variable without any independent variables. The independent variables of this research are the ways of loan to value ratio, base lending rate, capital gains tax on property and increase stamp duty fees. 3.2.2 Dependent Variables Copper Schindler (2003) mentioned that a dependent variable is a criterion or a variable that is to be predicted or explained. In this research, there is only one dependent variable which is the control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. 3.3 Hypotheses There are four hypotheses are being proved: Set No. Hypotheses SET 1 Ho There is not possible loan-to-value ratio to control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. H1 There is possible loan-to-value ratio to control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. SET 2 Ho There is not the way of Base Lending Rate to control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. H1 There is the way of Base Lending Rate to control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. SET 3 Ho There is not the way of Capital Gains Tax for Property to control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. H1 There is the way of Capital Gains Tax for Property to control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. SET 4 Ho There is not the way of using Increase Stamp Duty Fees to control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. H1 There is the way of using Increas e Stamp Duty Fees to control or monitor housing speculative by government Malaysia. Figure 3.3 Statements of Hypotheses 3.4Research Design Kinnear and Taylor, (1996) define that research design is the basis plan that guide the data collection and analyzing phases of the research project. 3.4.1 Nature of Research This research project was initially conceived as a piece of qualitative paper, based on exploring several sources which includes range from articles, journals, websites and texts to identify the research topic. As mentioned before, the research started in November which makes use the exploratory research to analyze the effectiveness of the ways to monitor and control housing speculation by government of Malaysia. Drawing on the literature review, a series of exploratory research carried out by the researcher in order to collect qualitative information in helping to build a conceptual foundation. Therefore, the researcher was explored various sources to gather in order to identify the research topic. 3.5 Research Approach There were two sources of data collected for this research. The first stage of field research involved self à ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬administered questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents chosen at random at various locations. Following the second stage involved secondary data which involved articles, journals, websites and texts. 3.5.1 Primary Data Research Questionnaire Design According to Coourh and Housden (1996), questionnaire research has four main purpose (1) to collect relevant data, (2) to make data comparisons, (3) to minimize bias and (4) to motivate the respondents. Following the literature review, questionnaires (refer Figure 3.0) were developed to determine the extent of the effectiveness of the ways to monitor and control housing speculation by government of Malaysia. The unstructured questionnaire can be divided into two sections. Sections A included 4 questions regarding the profile of respondents such as age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation and salary range. Section B require the respondents to analyze the effectiveness of the ways to monitor and control housing speculation by government of Malaysia. This is consists of the statements on the four independent variables which are loan to value ratio, base lending rate, capital gains tax on property and increase stamp duty fees and one dependent variable that are me asured in the questions. Sampling Design and Population The current study explores the effectiveness of the ways to monitor and control housing speculation by government of Malaysia. The respondents involved in this research study were selected from the population with the specific target at those banker, accountant, auditor and tax agent in Penang and Kuala Lumpur. They were drawn from different background. There were 60 randomly selected respondents in this research study. 3.5.2 Secondary Data The second stage of research consisted of review on the researches which had been carried previous researchers which were classed as secondary data. According to Webb (2002), secondary is data useful to secure reliable and valid information. There are several compelling reasons to do so. Firstly, to avoid bias of the questionnaire research, it makes good sense to exhaust secondary date for the purpose of providing guidance and satisfying the overall objectives of this research. This is because according to Green, Tull and Albaum (1998), secondary data may solve and obliterate the problem that may be encounter in primary research. Majority 80 percent of the secondary data are found through the internet, in professional journals and newspapers, in reference books from E-book written by giving true evidence. The information from secondary data can be accurate because it published and supported by researchers. Another 20 percent of the secondary data obtained from other resources . Using secondary data in this research are time saving and convenience compare with primary data. Besides that, primary data is also too costly. Hence, the research can be successfully carried out by using secondary data to support.

Lab Report on TLC analisys of Analgestic Drugs Essay examples

TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs Introduction In this experiment, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the composition of various over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics: Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The TLC plates were first viewed under ultraviolet (UV) light and then treated with iodine vapor in order to visualize the spotting. Experiment Scheme Initially, sixteen capillary micropipets were created in order to spot the TLC plates. Two TLC plates were then obtained and marked with pencil for spotting. A line was drawn 1 cm from the bottom of each plate, and five small, evenly spaced marks were made along those lines (see Figure 1). Each mark indicated where a substance would be spotted. All compounds†¦show more content†¦They were first viewed under UV light, where any spots were circled with a pencil. They were then placed in a jar with iodine where some spots developed a brownish color. Figure 6 shows approximately what each plate looked like after it was viewed. Any circles with X’s were ones that developed the brownish color after exposure to the iodine. Figure 6. Developed TLC Plates The Rf values were calculated based on these observations. They are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Rf Values Name Distance from Base to Center of Spot (cm) à · Distance from Base to Sovlent Front (cm) = Rf Value acetaminophen 4.0 à · 5.5 = .73 aspirin 4.7 à · 5.5 = .85 caffeine 2.4 à · 5.5 = .44 salicylamide 4.6 à · 5.5 = .84 Anacin 2.6 à · 5.8 = .45 Bufferin 5.0 à · 5.8 = .86 Excedrin 2.6 à · 5.8 = .45 4.3 à · 5.8 = .74 Tylenol 4.3 à · 5.8 = .74 Discussion This experiment was designed to determine which analgesic compounds common OTC drugs contained. According to research done after the experiment, the testing successfully determined which compounds the sample drugs contained. The results showed that Tylenol contains acetaminophen, Excedrin contains caffeine and acetaminophen, Anacin contains caffeine, and Bufferin most likely contains

Census of India free essay sample

The Indian Census is the most credible source of information on Demography (Population characterstics), Economic Activity, Literacy and Education, Housing Household Amenities, Urbanisation, Fertility and Mortality, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Language, Religion, Migration, Disability and many other socio-cultural and demographic data since 1872. Census 2011 will be the 15th National Census of the Country. This is the only source of primary data in the village ,town and ward level, It provides valuable information for planning and formulation policies for Central and the State Governments and is widely used by National and International Agencies, Scholars, business people, industrialists, and many more. The Delimitation/reservation of Constituencies- Parliamentary/Assembly/Panchayats and other Local Bodies is also done on the basis of the demographic data thrown up by the Census. Census is te basis for reviewing the countrys progress in the past decade, monitoring the on going Schemes of the Goverment and most importantly , plan for the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Census of India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is why the Slogan is Our Census Our Future. The Indian Census is the largest single source of a variety of statistical information on different characteristics of the people of India. With a history of more than 130 years, this reliable, time tested exercise has been bringing out a veritable wealth of statistics every 10 years, beginning from 1872 when the first census was conducted in India non-synchronously in different parts. To scholars and researchers in demography, economics, anthropology, sociology, statistics and many other disciplines, the Indian Census has been a fascinating source of data. The rich diversity of the people of India is truly brought out by the decennial census which has become one of the tools to understand and study India The responsibility of conducting the decennial Census rests with the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India under Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. It may be of historical interest that though the population census of India is a major administrative function; the Census Organisation was set up on an ad-hoc basis for each Census till the 1951 Census. The Census Act was enacted in 1948 to provide for the scheme of conducting population census with duties and responsibilities of census officers. The Government of India decided in May 1949 to initiate steps for developing systematic collection of statistics on the size of population, its growth, etc. and established an organisation in the Ministry of Home Affairs under Registrar General and ex-Officio Census Commissioner, India. This organisation was made responsible for generating data on population statistics including Vital Statistics and Census. Later, this office was also entrusted with the responsibility of implementation of Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 in the country. The Census Commissioners from 1881 Census to 1941 Census and thereafter Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India from 1949 onwards are shown below:

Possession of knowledge and ethical responsibility

Introduction Knowledge refers to the acquisition of skills, information, consent and awareness of given happenings in the society. It entails apprehending truth, facts, being learned and familiarisation of oneself with situations through a process of logical reasoning and assessment of circumstances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Possession of knowledge and ethical responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether or not a single perfect process of acquisition of knowledge can be determined is a debatable issue as it remains a mystery as to how exactly people possess knowledge (Raffoul 27-34). According to Raffoul (165-167) and Rest (5-14), acquisition of knowledge involves easily and effectively embracing reality through experience or in thought as it is based on the proven scientific evidence, acquaintance, perception and experience. Different fields of knowledge such as mathematics, science, geography, science, psychology, religion and engineering do exist. Value judgment among people depends on the knowledge they possess. On the other hand, like morality, ethical responsibility demands that a person fulfils certain obligations in the best possible way and for the common good of all concerned (Lucas 36-45). At times, ethical dilemma can compel an individual to choose from a number of ethical principles that adhere to the moral law of doing right. Possession of knowledge and ethical responsibility Whether voluntary or unintentional, existence of praise and blame are major aspects of ethical responsibility for people with a certain level of knowledge. As dictated by normative ethics, application of conduct and acquired knowledge demands that existence of information and its application to decision making and other human practices be effectively employed in making rational decisions. Majority of people use applied ethics and the common societal laws and principles which guide people ’s lives to judge human behaviour (Lucas 41-78). Ethics and morality entail doing what is right and avoiding evil. Knowledge of ethics and morality should be focused on enhancing maturity, benevolence, prudence and rational reasoning in undertaking critical decisions. In view of the fact that acquisition of knowledge has â€Å"nothing† to do with being certain of the prevailing or possible circumstances, moral law dictates that all human acts should be perceived in an objective, realistic, rational, and focused manner with the interest of the majority at heart (Rest 78-112). Withholding knowledge and refusing to act is definitely not a moral act and as it contradicts the concept of undertaking ethical responsibility based on one’s acquired knowledge. For instance, scientists who have the expertise to develop nuclear bombs should often be aware of the possible dangers that could emanate from such â€Å"wonderful† initiatives (Lucas 16-21).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguments that are in line with social and moral relativism are likely to compel people with certain knowledge not to act in a morally upright manner. Unlike in a utilitarian ethical perspective in which the needs and good deeds of an individual are superseded by those of the majority, possession of knowledge dictates that one avoids joining the majority and remain focused on doing what is reasonable and right. According to Lucas (33-42), being in custody of knowledge demands that one acts in an ethical manner. This fact is no longer an issue of concern to most people in the contemporary society. What individuals do with the knowledge they possess is fully dependent on their decisions and will to do exactly that. Ways of acquisition of knowledge are many and varied. Whether or not a person’s knowledge of something should make him or her answerable to certain ac ts is a very contentious issue. It leads to constant confrontation and demands by people to desist from taking responsibility of the different situations they face. It can be argued that awareness, familiarity and apprehension of knowledge carry ethical significances. Human intellect should be employed in analyzing situations and critically assessing the degree to which given acts are ethically correct. History and natural science are vital means of acquisition of knowledge. The two methods enable an individual to learn and accept certain truths that can never be concealed through false and unfounded logic (Lucas 28-46). However, it is vital to ensure that any form of reasoning is neither biased nor is it fully based on mere perception of real life situations or emotions. Portrayal of false image or biasness is equal to being selfish, self centred, uncouth and deceptive to the common moral law. For instance, doctors who possess actual knowledge and intelligent reasoning of patientsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ diseases have the ethical responsibility of ensuring that patients are given the most appropriate diagnoses and that all their medical concerns are addressed in an amicable and informative way (Lucas 79-85). Another indicator of the fact that being knowledgeable requires that one becomes ethically responsible could be demonstrated by a case where an individual witnesses a crime being committed. A crime witness can use his or her knowledge acquisition gained through perception, language and sight in determining what actions to take which may include reporting or ignoring the situation. Like a doctor, driver or a teaching professional, professional ethos, ethics, code of conduct and acquired knowledge demand that one fulfils an ethical act (Rest 147). To what degree would one say that indeed knowledge has an ethical responsibility? Pretence is a likely phenomenon that could dominate people’s lives once they learn that their acknowledgement of possessing knowledge could imply being fully answerable to both negative and positive occurrences that relate to the situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Possession of knowledge and ethical responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Lucas (138-149), the act of acknowledging the existence of something should never make a person to be ethically responsible. Rest (5-11) argues that people should only be ethically responsible to acts which they have the will, desire and duty of doing. Undertaking an act with the aim of preventing greater harm is crucial. Albert Einstein’s unparalleled knowledge of nuclear physics led to the invention of a nuclear bomb. Einsten’s invention was good because it involved the use of his possessed knowledge. It was not in Albert’s ability to control the degree to which the nuclear bombs would be developed. The invention of nuclear physics by Einstein culminated into mass ive physical destruction and loss of lives such as the case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan (Rest 6-11). Regardless of the kind of knowledge that one possesses and the process that one undergoes in possessing the knowledge, modern ethical points of view dictate that human beings have a perceived obligation of attempting to create the most possible benefit that would in turn satisfy most people with the least possible harm. A picture of man and lady holding hands could lead to the perception that they could be couples. However, that does not make one ethically responsible for the acts committed by such people. In fact, such a witness would not be contradicting any moral laws by not involving himself or herself in the daily endeavours of the couple. This fact shows that acquisition of knowledge does not always compel one to be ethically responsible in all situations (Raffoul 59-64). It is highly likely that knowleageable people could falter in their decision making process. Certain situations could pose a dilemma. A situation of a dilemma should never be treated as a justification for committing evil. The knowledge that a biologist and a nuclear researcher possess and the manner in which such knowledge could be utilized should never be measured or judged on equal standards but rather be analyzed based on the result of the act, the surrounding circumstances and the intention of undertaking the specific act. A biologist or a nuclear researcher should be highly disciplined. The said professionals should never share critical secrets that pertain to how one can use certain substances for destructive purposes like uranium. Conclusion It is evident from the above analysis that knowledge has an ethical responsibility especially with regard to the manner in which professionals and people that interact with a group of other people carry out their duties and responsibilities. This fact is evident in situations where the responsibility in question is likely to cause harm or offer misleading information to people. Though possessing knowledge would often have little or no effect on people, it is evident that acts and decisions made by people with such knowledge are the ones that need to be undertaken in a conscientious, ethical and reasonable manner. While people have the right to acquire and fully possess knowledge, it is imperative to ensure that the knowledge acquired is utilized in an ethical manner.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Lucas, Peter. Ethics and Self-Knowledge: Respect for Self-Interpreting Agents, Preston, UK: Springer, 2011.Print. Raffoul, Franà §ois. The Origins of Responsibility, Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press, 2010.Print. Rest, James. Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics, Moral Reasoning in Medicines, New Jersey, USA: Tailor Francis e-Library, 2009.Print. This essay on Possession of knowledge and ethical responsibility was written and submitted by user D1rkAnger to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Possession of Knowledge and Ethical Responsibility It has been an argument for a long time whether people are supposed to reveal or conceal knowledge that they have gained. It is common to observe situations and events where people have intentionally withheld information which could have been used for the benefit of society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Possession of Knowledge and Ethical Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, it has been argued by many people that possession of knowledge comes with ethical responsibility, especially concerning the use of information gained. However, there is always a conflict of interests when one contemplates on whether to reveal or conceal information he or she has learned. Therefore, it is important to explore the idea as to whether people become ethically responsible by means of possessing knowledge. To begin with, it is paramount to define what is meant by ethical responsibility. Ethics is genera lly defined in society as the ability to choose right from the wrong, and differentiate between good behavior and bad behavior. Some people go further and consider ethical responsibility as the possibility of one to prevent evil from taking place, and nurturing good deeds as being ethically correct. However, ethics does not necessarily mean good and bad; right and wrong, or evil and prosperity. It goes deeper to stress on what can critically be regarded as expected code of conduct in society. In general, ethics entails moral values that are used to define the behavior of a person in society, and thus dictates what is expected of a person. It should be noted that ethics does not only guide behaviors that are peculiar to given societies, but also includes what can be referred to as universal code of conduct. In this regard, ethical responsibility refers to the societal expectation that people will do anything within their power to prevent both themselves and others from harm. Based on the above definition, it follows that possession of knowledge comes with ethical responsibility, though this depends on the kind of information. Firstly, it is the ethical responsibility of every person to make society a better place to live in. In this regard, if by any chance one happens to have knowledge of an event, either happening or about to happen, which can cause destruction to the society, the person is bound to reveal the information. Take for example a person who has knowledge about a criminal gang or a crime that has taken place. If the person keeps quite, the crime will go unreported or the criminal gang will continue with their heinous activities causing harm to members of the society.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the matter is reported, there are more chances that the criminals will be arrested, so there might be less future crimes. Consequently, possessing the inf ormation like this will impose an ethical responsibility on a person to report the matter to respective authorities. Similarly, some knowledge imposes commitment and challenge to the person with the knowledge to react or risk many people’s lives. People with knowledge about some live threatening or live saving ideas are obliged to share the information, or use the information for the benefit of everyone in the society. However, in certain instances there is a conflict of interest between saving one’s live and the society, while putting personal life in jeopardy. If a person finds some food in a hidden place and the whole village is starving, the person will be torn between telling the other members of the village about the food and serving personal interests. Ethics demands that the food is shared among village members. On the other hand, giving the food to the society members means risking personal life since there is no guarantee that food will be found again. The ca se where Daniel Elisberg made public the pentagon papers that contained illegal and unconstitutional issues that were being perpetrated by the president and high ranking officials have been debated for long. Daniel knew that the public was being deceived especially regarding Vietnam War. It should be noted that the whole public was being misguided by the very institution that was supposed to guide the nation. Ethical responsibility calls on any person to prevent any evil in society; lies are part of evil in the society. It was, therefore, Daniel’s ethical responsibility to make the public aware of the correct information. However, there are instances when advantages and disadvantages of ethical responsibility have to be weighed before making any decision. Take the case where scientists discover some new technologies which can help in improving society, but can also be misused by evil minded people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Possession of Knowledge and Ethical Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scientists will be ethically obliged to release the technology to the public to be used in making life easier. On the other hand, conscience will trouble the scientists in case the technology is misused because they will feel responsible for the effects. In this situation, a choice has to be made because the ethical responsibility is two way, namely, aiding the society in making their lives easier and protecting evil from occurring. Ethics requires that a person should always endeavor for happiness not only for himself but also for others. Consequently, scientists have the obligation of ensuring that they use their knowledge to make the society a happy place to live in. Moreover, some roles in the society enable one person to have knowledge about some important issues which either need to be kept secret or made public for the sake of others. Managers of companies usually hav e knowledge of some secret company information which can be used against the firm if enemies find it. Consequently, directors and any other people who happen to have this information are ethically obliged to use the information in a way that is only beneficial to the company. It should be noted that managers and company directors are ethically bound to protect company assets, including information. On the same note, various professionals usually have knowledge that is beneficial to the society. During medical emergencies, doctors are called upon to use their knowledge to save lives. Some of the situations might be risky to the doctors themselves. Under normal circumstances, every human being will choose to protect personal live over society. Nevertheless, doctors have a moral duty of helping people and will thus have to help the situation. The case is the same for other professionals for example, police officers, fire fighters and engineers, to name a few. Therefore, accessing any k ind of knowledge comes with ethical responsibility either to reveal or to conceal the same. It all depends on whether the knowledge can cause harm or reprieve when revealed. All in all, it is upon each and every one of us to make informed choices whenever faced with ethical dilemmas, especially regarding possession of knowledge.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Possession of Knowledge and Ethical Responsibility was written and submitted by user Ben Reilly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Innovation Essay Example

Innovation Essay Example Innovation Essay Innovation Essay CREATIVITY REATIVITY Report produced for the EC funded project INNOREGIO: dissemination of innovation and knowledge management techniques by Dr Eleni Sefertzi J A N U A R Y 2 0 0 0 CREATIVITY 1 Contents 1 Description 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 What is Creativity Objectives of Creativity Description /structure of the methodology /alternative solutions Expected results /benefits Characteristics of providers 2 Application 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 Where Creativity development has been applied Types of firms /organisations concerned Implementation cost Conditions for implementation Implementation Brainstorming Story boarding Lotus Blossom Checklists Morphological Analysis Mapping Process The Excursion Technique Computer-based creativity techniques Artificial Intelligence models of creativity Idea processors software Visualisation and graphical systems Spatial representation tools 4 Bibliographic references Annexes Table 1: Stimulus to extend perspective to approach a problem Table 2: Brainstormi ng Phases Table 3: Osborn’s Checklist Figure 1: Lotus Blossom sample INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 1 1. 1 DESCRIPTION What is Creativity There are many definitions of creativity. A number of them suggest that creativity is the generation of imaginative new ideas (Newell and Shaw 1972), involving a radical newness innovation or solution to a problem, and a radical reformulation of problems. Other definitions propose that a creative solution can simply integrate existing knowledge in a different way. A third set of definitions proposes that a creative solution, either new or recombined, must have value (Higgins 1999). A novel idea is not a creative idea unless it is valuable or it implies positive evaluation. Also, according to dt ogilvie (1998), imagination, which involves the generation of ideas not previously available as well as the generation of different ways of seeing events, is important to achieve creative actions. To combine this variety of definitions, we can say that creativity involves the generation of new ideas or the recombination of known elements into something new, providing valuable solutions to a problem. It also involves motivation and emotion. Creativity â€Å"is a fundamental feature of human intelligence in general. It is grounded in everyday capacities such as the association of ideas, reminding, perception, analogical thinking, searching a structured problem-space, and reflecting self-criticism. It involves not only a cognitive dimension (the generation of new ideas) but also motivation and emotion, and is closely linked to cultural context and personality factors. † (Boden 1998). According to Boden (1998), there are three main types of creativity, involving different ways of generating the novel ideas: a) The â€Å"combinational† creativity that involves new combinations of familiar ideas. b) The â€Å"exploratory† creativity that involves the generation of new ideas by the exploration of structured concepts. c) The â€Å"transformational† creativity that involves the transformation of some dimension of the structure, so that new structures can be generated. Creative thinking in a disciplined manner can play a real role in innovation. Creativity and innovation are normally complementary activities, since creativity generates the basis of innovation, which, in its development, raises difficulties that must be solved once again, with creativity†¦It is not possible to conceive innovation without creative ideas, as these are the starting point. † (European Commission 1998). Innovation results when creativity occurs within the right organisational culture. The right organisational culture is one that provides through creativity processes (creative techniques) the possibilities for the development of personal and group creativity skills. We can define creativity IMT as the establishment of skills by implementing creativity generation techniques. 1. 2 Objectives of Creativity Main objectives of a creative thinking process is to think beyond existing boundaries, to awake curiosity, to break away from rational, conventional ideas and formalised procedures, to rely on the imagination, the divergent, the random and to consider multiple solutions and alternatives (Candy 1997, Schlange and Juttner 1997). INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 3 The result of the creative thinking process is especially important for businesses. Managers and managerial decisions and actions, confronted with fast-changing and ambiguous environments in business, need to develop creative solutions and creative action-based strategies to solve problems, as they allow to increase understanding of problematic situations, to find multiple problems, to produce new combinations, to generate multiple solutions that are different from the past, to consider possible alternatives in various situations that could occur in the future and â€Å"to expand the opportunity horizon and competence base of firms† (dt ogilvie 1998). . 3 Description / structure of the methodology / alternative solutions Creativity is not an innate quality of only a few selected people. Creativity is present in everyone. It can be learned, practised and developed by the use of proven techniques which, enhancing and stimulating the creative abilities, ideas and creative results, help people to move out of their normal problem-solving mode, to enable them to co nsider a wide range of alternatives and to improve productivity and quality of work. Creativity is thus constructed as a learned ability that enables us to define new relationships between concepts or events, which seemed apparently unconnected before, and which results in a new entity of knowledge† (European Commission 1998). Knowledge and information are the basis for creativity. The scientific research is recently oriented towards the development of creativity as an educational process. Many studies show that creative abilities can be developed by the implementation of creativity techniques (see Mansfield, Busse and Krepelka 1978, Parnes and Brunelle 1967, Rose and Lin 1984, Taylor 1972). Concrete creativity supporting techniques, including also computer-based support tools (artificial intelligence models, computer software idea processors, information systems, etc. ), are developed to promote and generate creativity, to break fixed ideas, to stimulate imagination, as well as to define the conditions in which creativity takes place (the creative environment or climate). Using such techniques, a company aims to â€Å"incorporate the employees’ potential of creativity into the process of performance creation† (Bullinger 1999). There are numerous creative techniques, which are also classified in many ways (Higgins 1994). In general, a certain type of question or a certain area of application (such as marketing, product or service development, strategic and decision planning, design, quality management, etc. ) often calls for a certain type or a certain group of creativity techniques. The description of some well-known and basic techniques and their implementation procedure is presented in session 3. A classification for these techniques can be made between analytical techniques and intuitive techniques. Analytical techniques follow a linear pattern of thought or sequence of steps, such as the â€Å"5 Ws and H† technique (it asks the questions who, what, when, where, why, and how) and have better application for very specific, analytical questions (Higgins 1999). They stimulate different ways of organising known information and help approach problems from new angles (Miller 1987). Intuitive techniques are less structured techniques. They tend to skip steps in a sequence and tend to provide a whole answer all at once, such as the â€Å"wishful thinking† technique (based on ideal possibilities and solutions), and they are more appropriate for ill-defined questions (Higgins 1999). INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 4 Another classification can be made between techniques that are more appropriate to generate creativity in individuals, and techniques, which generate creativity in groups undertaken within work groups. Improving personal creativity for individuals involves enhancing the individual’s use of intuition and reducing mental blocks creativity, such as fear of failure. At the group level it requires team building and other efforts to enhance the use of group dynamics to achieve creativity and innovation† (Higgins 1996). However, this classification is not rigorous, since many group idea generation techniques can also be used by individuals. On the other hand, the individual and th e group are two main agents that always interact in the process of creativity in business and industrial innovation. Creativity is an attribute of the individual, though generally it can only be developed efficiently when it is tackled within a group of team. For this reason, most creative techniques are proposed and undertaken within the framework of specific work groups, within companies or other organisations† (European Commission 1998). A third classification might be between creative techniques that rely upon divergent thinking and techniques that rely upon convergent thinking. Divergent thinking is the generation and the free flow of ideas and it demands considerable discipline, which is aided by the introduction of rigorous techniques forcing divergence toward many alternatives. Convergent thinking, on the contrast, demands techniques of filtering and focus to identify the ideas that have a truly innovative value, to converge on an acceptable solution (Hall 1996). Divergent and convergent thinking are complementary phases of a procedure, since divergence helps forcing towards many alternatives and possible options before convergence on an appropriate solution. Fundamental concepts for all creative techniques are: The suspension of premature judgement and the lack of filtering of ideas. Use the intermediate impossible. Create analogies and metaphors, through symbols, etc. , by finding similarities between the situation, which we wish to understand and another situation, which we already understand. Build imaginative and ideal situations (invent the ideal vision). Find ways to make the ideal vision happen. Relate things or ideas which were previously unrelated. Generate multiple solutions to a problem. Main points to increase or encourage creativity in a company are: to be happy, to have fun keep channels of communication open trust, failure accepted contacts with external sources of information independence, initiatives taken support participatory decision-making and employees’ contribution experiment with new ideas 1. 4 Expected results / benefits Creativity, through the generation of ideas with value, is needed in order to solve concrete problems, ease the adaptation to change, optimise the performance of the organisation and best practice manufacturing, and change the attitude of the staff of the INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 5 organisation. Creative thought processes are also important at all stages in the RD process. Some expected results of the creativity process are: innovation through new product and process ideas continuous improvement of products or services productivity increase efficiency rapidity flexibility quality of products or services high performance 1. 5 Characteristics of providers The implementation of creative techniques within work groups, requires the assistance and advise of external consultants. One or two consultants, experts in creative techniques, is normally enough to undertake the implementation process in a company. His/hers job normally consists of presenting the different techniques and their application method, defining the problem to be studied for the participants, initiating and clarifying the rules of the technique, gathering the necessary data and information to approach the problem, stimulating the generation of ideas of participants, and evaluating the ideas before proceeding to put them in practice. Training of management staff by experts may also be very useful. Management staff must be trained to stimulate creativity in employees, to provide motivation, to facilitate a creative climate and to encourage the use of creative techniques. Managers can also be trained to implement creative techniques by themselves. 2 APPLICATION Creativity processes are used regularly by many private and public sector organisations of all sorts in manufacturing, services, banking, or construction companies. Big firms such as Xerox, ATT, Frito-Lay, as well as car manufacturing firms, software development firms, railroad pharmaceutical firms etc. , use creativity techniques to increase efficiency and quality, especially in their research, strategic planning and marketing departments. Small firms and innovative RD organisations, such as biotechnology companies (Arlington 1997), are also becoming to implement creative techniques in order to solve problems and to improve the use of skills, techniques and processes. Creativity techniques may be applied in almost any functional area of the company: strategic planning, corporate business strategy, product development, improvement of services, functional strategy, finance, human resources, marketing, management of collection of information, product design, software design, quality management, etc. 2. 1 Where Creativity development has been applied INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 6 Nearly all innovation management techniques that can be applied in companies (BPR, benchmarking, TQM, MRP II, employee involvement, marketing of innovation, etc. require also the implementation of creativity techniques. For example, in the Innovation Programme of DG XII of European Commission, besides other innovation management techniques, creativity techniques have been applied in the following IMT projects (see European Commission 1998): -INVENT (Pro. 006) Implementation of a Method for Targeted Economic-Oriented Research in SME Invention Management. IMPA CQT (Pro. 008) PARTNERS (Pro 010) Promotion of Innovation Management Techniques in the field of Sub-Contracting. IDEAS (PRO 017 Integrated Product Development Expertise Applied to SMEs. PRIISME (Pro 029) Promoting of IMTs in ISRAELI SMEs. Programme to Create New Activities in SMEs (Pro 045). MARKPRO (Pro 050) Implementation of Market Oriented Product Innovation in Danish SMEs 2. 2 Types of firms / organisations concerned Creativity techniques can be implemented by all firms and public organisations that confront with problem solving and focus on innovation in processes, products or services. In case where the implementation of creative techniques is focused on the support of personal creativity, such as to support individual designers work for new product development, or to support individual scientists work in the laboratory, very small firms or a person can implement creative techniques for individuals. In case where the company focus is to increase group creativity and to create environments where a collaborating team work creatively together, the firm must have at least 20 employees, including 3 members as management staff. 2. 3 Implementation cost The application of creativity techniques is a continuum process. Sessions of creativity within work groups normally take place at company facilities during normal hours and working conditions. The implementation of a creative technique includes the following costs: The fee of an external consultant for 4-7 days work for undertaking a session of creativity (preparation, application, evaluation). The cost of software packages developed for personal computers or workstations (if necessary). Hardware and equipment must permit to deal with network communications. Training cost (2-4 days) (if necessary). Cost: from 3000 to 7000 Euro. 2. 4 Conditions for implementation Concerning the implementation of creative techniques, some of them are easy to apply, while others need some infrastructure, experts, work teams, training, collection of INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 7 information, resources, etc. In this case, the assistance of an external consultant is required. Besides the support of external consultants, the company itself must encourage creative environment. This implies the participation of all workers in the concerns of the company, and an open and flexible attitude on the part of management. According to Higgins (1999) factors to encouraging the creative work climate are: A secure environment with minimal administrative interference. An organisational culture that makes it attractive and easy for people to discover and solve problems. Rewards for employee performance and enhancement of intrinsic motivation. Managerial willingness to take risks for creativity and innovation, as well as an open and flexible attitude on the part of management. Providing people with formal and informal training to enhance creativity. Important conditions for implementation of creative techniques within work groups in a company are also the existence of well-trained human resources, a clear strategic definition of the company and to focus on the core competencies of the company (European Commission 1998). For solving complex problems requiring input by many areas, i. e. marketing, engineering, design, the company would preferably be one employing multidisciplinary teams. 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE As mentioned before, there is numerous creativity supporting techniques. The description, in an illustrative manner, of some well-known creative techniques for problem solving will be presented here. See also Annex, Table 1, the use of some stimulus that can extend perspectives to approach a problem. Brainstorming This is one of the best known and most used in the business world group based creativity process for problem solving. It is a method of getting a large number of ideas from a group of people in a short time. It can be used for generating a large number of ideas or solutions for well-defined strategic or operational problems, such as for engineering design processes. It forms also a basic framework or constitutes the initial phase for the implementation of many other groups based on creative techniques. Brainstorming sessions take place in a group of 6-10 people. The presence of a leader is necessary to stimulate the generation of ideas, as well as a preparation phase to gather the necessary data and information to approach the problem. A recorder writes the problem statement and the idea generated by the group on a white board. Several guidelines for brainstorming are available, such as suspend judgement, free wheel, quantity, and crossfertilise. The whole process takes normally one hour and can be conducted through several stages. The session begins with stating the problem and calling for solutions by the leader. The following stages can be: restate the problem in the form of â€Å"How to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , select a basic restatement and write it down as â€Å"In how many ways can we†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , warm-up session, brainstorming, and identify wildest idea. An evaluation method is additionally used for to identify the ideas that have a value for implementation. The four basic rules of brainstorming are: a) no criticism and no prior judgement of any idea, b) all ideas, INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 8 even the absurd, are welcome, c) quantity has value, the more ideas the better, if a large quantity of ideas is generated, then the idea pool very likely would contain high-quality ideas, d) sharing and combining ideas, and constructing ideas based on those developed by other members of the group for producing new ideas. See: Osborne (1963), Rawlinson (1981), Chen (1998), Higgins (1996), European Commission (1998). See also Annex, Table 2: Brainstorming phases. A special type of brainstorming tool is PMI in which the participants are directed to brainstorm the Plus points, then the Minus points and finally the Interesting points (De Bono 1992, 1993). Related to brainstorming, which is characterised by verbal communication, is also the hand-written communication as a brain-writing technique. The process is that ideas generated by individuals are written down on a piece of paper, and then exchanged and combined with those of the other individuals in the group. Written ideas are circulated and read by the other participants in the group each of whom, in turn, write down new ideas. A variation of this hand-written communication is the 6-3-5 method in which each of the 6 participants in the group generates and writes 3 ideas related to the problem on a piece of paper in 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, each participant passes the piece of paper to the person on the right, who reads it and adds 3 new ideas in 5 minutes. The process continues until each participant gets the original piece of paper back (European Commission 1998). Electronic brainstorming is also a hand-written communication technique, which employ computerised programs to achieve brainstorming. Story boarding It is a creativity technique for strategic and scenario planning based on brainstorming and used mainly by groups. It requires a leader, a secretary and takes place in a group of 8-12 people. The leader arranges the ideas generated by brainstorming in a logical order on a white board creating a story. This technique allows identify the interconnections of ideas and how all the pieces fit together. It can be used to identify issues, problems, solve a complex problem and determine ways to implement solutions. The story boarding process includes four phases: a) planning, b) ideas, c) organisation and d) communication. Each phase includes a creative session (it takes 45 minutes) and a critical session, in which participants critique their story board. The planning phase begins with the problem definition or the issue being examined the topic header. Purpose header, a miscellaneous column and other, normally 1012, headers (column titles) are laced and brainstormed in order to give Ideas and then items, which are listed under the headers (the purpose header is listed first). The second phase the ideas board, is to take one column from the planning board, which becomes the topic header and the items of that column become headers of new ideas. In the third phase the organisation board, participants identify who is responsible for implementing chosen solutions, what has to happen, and when. In the last phase the communication board, participants identify who must communicate with for all of the events identified in the organisation board to take place. Through the process, visual graphics to summarise or present relevant points are presented by the leader. These might be strategic models, places or things (Higgins 1996). INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 9 Lotus Blossom This technique can also be used in scenario planning and is very useful for forecasting strategic scenarios. It is designed for groups and is used to provide a more in-depth look at various solutions to problems. It begins with a central core idea surrounded by eight empty boxes or circles. Using brainstorming, eight additional ideas (solutions or issues) are written in these boxes. In the next step, each of these eight ideas becomes the core of another set of eight surrounding empty boxes, which are filled in by new ideas using brainstorming. The process continues until a satisfactory solution or a sufficient number of ideas have emerged (Higgins 1996). See Annex, Figure 1: Lotus blossom sample. Checklists This creative technique is used mainly for product improvement or modification. It involves applying a series of words, verbs, adjectives or phrases contained in checklists or tables to an existing product or service or its attributes. Osborn’s Checklist is the best known and includes the verbs: put to other uses, adapt, modify, magnify, minify, substitute, rearrange, reverse and combine. Each verb contains also an expanded definition in the form of questions. For example, the description of the verb substitute is: Who else instead? What else instead? Other ingredient? Other material? Other process? Other power? Other place? Other approach? Other tone of voice? (Osborn 1963). The method is to apply each of the verbs and its expanded description to a product or service. See Annex:, Table 3: Osborn’s checklist). Another checklist technique is Van Gundy’s PICL (product improvement checklist). Used in the same way as Osborn’s list, gives many options containing 792 words, both standard and unique, that can be applied to existing products or services, and 102 stimulation questions (Van Gundy 1988, 1993). Morphological Analysis This method is another product improvement technique, permitting the in-depth analysis of products or processes. It involves applying a set of words to an item another set of words. Normally, one set of words is verbs and the other set are attributes of the product. Another way is that one set of words would be components of the product (breaking the product down into its parts) and the other set of words would be alternative solutions. The method is to combine each word of one set with each word of the other set. These two sets of words result in a two-dimensional matrix. A three dimensional matrix can be created by adding a third list of factors. The difficulty of this technique is the large number of ideas deriving of the multiple combinations that can be made (Higgins 1996, European Commission 1998). Mapping Process The use of maps is particularly useful in strategic management thinking in organisations, helping to organise discontinuities, contradictions or differences, and bring pattern, order and sense to a confusing situation, acting as a spatial representation of a perspective. There are many forms of mapping, including computer-based tools to support mapping: Mind Mapping It is an individual brainstorming mapping technique designed by Tony Buzan. It begins with a central focal point, a problem, an object, a name or issue, written in INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 10 the centre of a piece of paper with a circle around it. Each major facet of the problem or the solution to the problem originating from the central idea is then brainstorming in order to generate new ideas. Each of those ideas are then written on lines drowned outward from the circle. The next step is to brainstorm those ideas in order to identify issues related to the problem, or solutions that are written on smaller lines that are drowned on the prime lines forming a branch. Additional perspectives such as implementation factors or further definition of the solutions could go on those lines. One branch may also be chosen in order to develop a whole new mind map based on that branch. When a mind map is completed, its possible interrelations and possible multiple appearances of issues, and its overall meaning in the context of the problem must be examined (Buzan 1983). Mapping for generate collective creativity The use of maps to support collective creativity is a more complicate process. It is necessary to introduce appropriate maps into a suitable type of organisation that would preferably be one employing multidisciplinary teams. It is also important that the participants find the maps useful for organising and planning their work. The mapping process usually involves three phases: 1st phase starts with a brainstorming exercise in order to initiate a discussion around the problem or the product. Normally, the participants are asked to mention all aspects they regard as relevant to the problem to be dealt with. During this process a large number of visual references are used to elicit the perspectives of the members with regard to the potential new concept. It is emphasised to the participants that the maps are intended to enrich the conversation, and should not be perceived as representations of the concept itself, but more as the semantic terrain or space, which covers all potential strategies. The knowledge elicited is discussed, and in about 2 hours is organised and structured by the participants into a map that intuitively understand. This map is the initial cognitive map, which describes all the problematic areas in brief outlines. In the 2nd phase of the process, which serves to expose the individual participants’ perspective both to themselves and to the other members of the group, the participants discuss the values that they associate with a very large range of objects and images. A number of these images are then selected that are considered to metaphorically represent potential aspects of the product strategy. In the 3rd phase, these images and appropriate annotations are arranged in a twodimensional space, positioning the images depending upon how the values of these objects relate to one another. In doing this, the group is mapping out a terrain constituted by the differences between the images, expressing the range of different product strategies open to the group (Fentem, Dumas McDonnell 1998). For creating maps, many software applications are available (see further down in computer-based creativity techniques). The Excursion Technique Is a very useful technique for forcing a group to have new thought patterns to formulate strategies. The process involves five steps (see Higgins 1996): In the 1st step the excursion the consultant asks participants to take an imaginary excursion to a physical location (a museum, a jungle, a city, another planet, etc. ), which INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 11 has nothing to do with the real problem. After the excursion each participant writes down 8-10 images, which he/she saw during the journey (things, people, places or items) in the 1st of 3 columns. In the 2nd step, the consultant asks participants to draw analogies or express relationships between what they saw on the excursion and the problem as defined, and to write them in the column 2 next to each of the items identified in the first column. In the 3rd step, participants are asked to determine what solutions to their problems are suggested by the analogies or the relationships in column 2, and write them in column 3 beside the items and analogies identified in the other columns. In the 4th step, participants share their xperiences from the excursion: what they saw, their analogies and their solutions. In the 5th step, as with brainstorming, participants may discuss on each other’s ideas. Eventually the leader helps the group come to a common solution or a set of solutions to the problem. Computer-based creativity techniques Computer-based supporting techniques to stimulate the human creative process have an immediate and pragmatic aim, which is the implementation of computational models (computer software) for generate and organise ideas for creative work. They are used more frequently in research planning, product design, knowledge acquisition, decisionmaking, motivation, etc. We can distinguish groups of computerised creativity techniques, such as AI models, Idea Processors systems and visualisation and graphical systems. AI (artificial intelligence) models of creativity AI deals with solving non-quantified, unstructured problems. Its task is about knowledge representation and reasoning and to built intelligent, rational, and autonomous agents. Current AI models of creativity involve different types and appropriate techniques of supporting the generation of new ideas. According to Margaret Boden (1998), in respect to the three types of creativity, there are also three main types of computer models that involve: a) The stimulation of the combination of ideas, mainly by using analogies in the sense that associated ideas shares some inherent conceptual structure. b) The exploration of structured concepts, so that novel and unexpected ideas result. It requires considerable domain-expertise and analytical power to define the conceptual space and to specify procedures that enable its potential to be explored. ) The transformation of a problem, so that new structures can be generated which could not have arisen before. New solutions to a problem can be created with transforming a problem into a new problem, solve the new problem and then adapting the solution back to the original problem. AI employs symbolic approaches for creative problem solving and includes stimulus such as heuristics, search, weak methods, knowledge representation and reasoning to fa cilitate problem structuring and idea generation. The focus of AI creativity techniques in the form of computerised programs, is to help users to take a fresh look at roblems by guiding what may be a user’s otherwise undisciplined intuition through a series of INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 12 problem-solving exercises, and to think in non-linear et non-logical ways. The main advantage of computerised, guided problem solving is that the programs prompt a user for ideas in a thorough manner. Recent programs of AI include also knowledge-based approaches, using large-scale databases and narrative systems (Chen 1998). AI researches have also developed efficient search algorithms for problem solving. Some AI programs of creativity are: The Copycat program that looks for analogies between alphabetic letter-strings (Hofstadter, FARG 1995, Mitchell 1993). The EURISKO program a transformational system with also an exploratory process that can be applied to a wide range of domains. The AARON program for exploring line drawing in particular styles and colouring (McCorduck 1991). The BACON program of exploratory AI-creativity designed to model scientific discovery (Langley, Simon, Bradshaw and Zytkow 1987). Idea Processors software Idea processors have a close relationship with artificial intelligence and use many artificial intelligence techniques. Idea processors are normally software packages developed for personal computers or workstations. They are used for idea generation and organisation in some specific stages of problem solving acting as knowledge-support systems (Chen 1998). In order to assist the human thinking, idea processors usually perform extensive search in large databases, knowledge bases, or text bases. For many idea processors the electronic brainstorming is the most important technique to generate ideas. The use of computer programs helps to de-structure and then to restructure thinking in a different way. The Idea Generator Plus program provide seven components to the user, that permit to go through a step-by-step problem analysis and solution finding process: examine similar situations, examine metaphors, examine other perspectives, focus on goals, reverse the goals, focus on the people involved, and make the most of the ideas (Nirenberg 1985). In another program, the IdeaFisher, using hypertext databases from Fisher Idea Systems Inc. , all entries in the database are cross-referenced by concept and association. It uses a giant cross-referenced text base of words and phrases representing concepts and images enhanced by a series of questions (see also spatial hypertext systems). The program also allows to generate new ideas based on combination of words by creating a list of people, animals, verbs, adjectives and phrases that are associated with the combination of two words that a user choose. Some other programs related to an idea processor are: The Ideatree system with an exploratory focus, linking laterally or hierarchically concepts that exist into the idea-boxes of the program. The Emergent Media Environment (EME), an interactive computer system that integrates facilities for supporting the generation, collection, organisation and presentation of ideas and advises about the divergence and convergence of the ideas. The GENI (GENerating Ideas) experimental system incorporates a variety of techniques to assist in making different types of connections: internal connections (between elements of the focal problem itself) and external connections (between the focal problem and external factors). INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 13 There are also many idea processors programmes available on the Internet (most of them are commercial products) including the following: http:/ideaprocessor. citi. doc. ca http:/www. maxthink. com http:/www. ozemail. com. au http:/www. inspiration. com http:/www. signet. com. sg/axon2000 Visualisation and graphical systems Computer support methods, such as visualisation of data and graphical techniques for marking up visual phenomena and expressing knowledge about data in rule form, are also available. Visualisation of data and graphical techniques are very important to support creativity. They involve working with visual data such as images, drawings, sketches, diagrams, charts, graphs, graphical objects, that are specific to the domain, and they take the form of expressing ideas and concepts through sketching, annotation and examining multiple or alternative views of the same data, all of which varies according to the domain of interest. There are many such systems giving various opportunities to the users. A visualisation system, the Inspiration (from Inspiration Inc. ) provides a blank canvas in which the user can quickly record and arrange ideas as they occur and allows a visual approach to organising thoughts. The system can also change the relationship between ideas and connect related ideas by dragging kinks between them to create a graphical map of the users thinking. Another visualisation system is Axon 200 used for creating complex flowcharts or concept diagrams and describes how different factors or events influence each other. It uses checklists and visual attributes such as colour, shape, size, scale position, depth, link and icon. It also creates relationship diagrams, which allow the user to represent multiple relationships between various visual objects on the screen (Chen 1998). Visualisation systems are also very important in design such as the Speech Knowledge Interface (SKI) system that support rapid graphical interaction with visual images, the Vehicle Packager Knowledge Support System (VPKSS) that aids designers at the conceptual stage of the design process (Candy 1997). Spatial representation tools In relation with visualisation systems, there are also computer-based tools, such as computer-based information and communication systems, for supporting representations and creating cognitive maps in two-dimensional spaces. Some representations use a specific notation, others use spatial proximity to indicate the relationship between objects (usually words relating to concepts) in the spaces, and others, used in marketing and design departments called â€Å"mood boards†, use collections of images as metaphors that reflect the quality aspects of the product strategy (Fentem, Dumas and Mcdonnell 1998). Kelly Repertory Grid technique is a knowledge elicitation tool used in the marketing, management and expert systems development. It analyses data using principal components analysis (PCA) software and produces a map by plotting the INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 14 first two components. The map produces a spatial positioning of text with respect to dimensions that are significant or correspond to the personal constructs that the participant member uses to categorise and evaluate the world (Kelly 1955). An Internet version of this tool is Webgrid. Available at cpsc. ucalgary. ca/ Spatial Information Systems These systems have been designed to support creativity by mapping objects (concepts, text objects, design requirements and parameters) into two-dimensional spaces, using various combinations of ‘knowledge processing’ and multivariate statistical analysis techniques. Users can also select an area of this space and to create a new space by reprocessing using principal components analysis (PCA) only the data associated with the objects lying within this subspace (Fentem, Dumas and Mcdonnell 1998). For example, one of these systems searches research papers for the frequency of certain keywords and uses a type of PCA to analyse the results of this search and represent these keywords and the papers within a common twodimensional space (Sugimoto, Hori, Ohsuga 1996). Another system named En Passant 2 stores researcher’s notes and triggers to recall and to reconsider. The users can browse their notes and view relations among them interactively (Aihara, Hori 1998). Spatial hypertext systems These systems have been designed for the â€Å"exploration of alternative structures for content, and applications in which the domain structure is not well understood at the outset, or changes during the course of a task†. In spatial hypertext, the links between nodes are conveyed implicitly by arranging the nodes in the space. â€Å"Nodes appear in different contexts through multiple spatial references to the same underling content† (Marshall and Shipman 1995). The users are presented with a window that acts as a work- space in which they organise their material. The nodes arranged in the space represent links to familiar objects such as documents, images, comments, and links to WWW hypertext pages, plus more unique structures known as ‘composites’ and ‘collections’. Marshall and Shipman’s VIKI spatial hypertext system, for example, was designed to support new product development, helping teams to make sense of the many diverse kinds of business-related material relevant to the new product, by assisting them in arranging it spatially. 4 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES (1) Aihara, K. , Hori, K. (1998), â€Å"Enhancing creativity through reorganising mental space concealed in a research notes stack†, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 11, pp. 469-478. Arlington, S. (1997), â€Å"Accelerating drug discovery: creating the right environment†, Drug Discovery Today, Vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 547-553. Boden, M. A. (1998), â€Å"Creativity and artificial intelligence†, Artificial Intelligence, No. 103, pp. 347-356. Bullinger, H. J. (1999), â€Å"Turbulent times require creative thinking: new European concepts in production management†, Int. J. Production Economics, No. 0-81, pp. 9-27. Buzan, T. (1983) Use Both Sides of Your Brain, Dutton, New York. (2) (3) (4) (5) INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 15 (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Candy, L. (1997), â€Å"Computers and creativity support: knowledge, visualisation and collaboration†, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 10, pp. 3-13. Chen, Z. ( 1998), â€Å"Toward a better understanding of idea processors†, Information and Software Technology, No. 40, pp. 541-553. De Bono, E. (1992), Serious Creativity, Harper Collins, London. De Bono, E. (1993), De Bono’s Thinking Course, Facts and on File, New York. t ogilvie (1998), â€Å"Creative action as a dynamic strategy: using imagination to improve strategic solutions in unstable environments†, Journal of Business Research, No. 41, pp. 49-56. European Commission (1998), Innovation Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, Luxembourg. Fentem, A. C. , Dumas, A. , McDonnell, J. (1998), Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 11, pp. 417-428. Hall, D. J. (1996), â€Å"The role of creativity within best practice manufacturing†, Technovation, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 115-121. Higgins, J. M. (1996), â€Å"Innovate or evaporate: creative techniques for strategists†, Long Range Planning, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 370-380. Higgins, J. M. (1994), 101 Creative Prob lem Solving Techniques: the Handbook of New Ideas for Business, The New Management Publishing Company, Florida. (16) Higgins, L. F. (1999), â€Å"Applying principles of creativity management to marketing research efforts in high-technology markets†, Industrial Marketing Management, No. 28, pp. 305-317. (17) Hofstadter, D. R. , FARG (1995), Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought, Basic Books, New York. (18) Kelly, G. A. (1955), The Psychology of Personal Constructs, Norton. (19) Langley, P. , Simon, H. A. , Bradshaw, G. L. and Zytkow, J. M. (1987), Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Process, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (20) McCorduck, P. (1991), Aaron’s Code, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA. (21) Mansfield, R. S. , Busse, T. V. and Krepelka, E. G. (1978), â€Å"The effectiveness of creative training† Review of Educational Research, Vol. 48, No 4, pp. 517-536. (22) Marshall, C. C. , Shipman, F. M. (1995), â€Å"Spatial hypertext: designing for change†, Communication of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 88-97. (23) Miller, W. (1986), The Creative Edge, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. (24) Mitchell, M. 1993), Analogy-Making as Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (25) Newell, A. and Shaw, J. C. (1972), â€Å"The process of creative thinking†, in A. Newell and H. A. Simon (eds), Human Problem Solving, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 144-174. (26) Nirenberg, G. (1985), The Idea Generator, Experience in Software, Berkeley, CA. (2 7) Osborne, A. F. (1963), Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Thinking, 3rd ed. , Scribner, New York. (28) Parnes, S. J. and Brunelle, E. A. (1967), â€Å"The literature of creativity†, Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 1, No 1, pp. 52-104. (29) Rose, L. H. and Lin, H. T. 1984), â€Å"A meta-analysis of long-term creativity training programs†, Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 18, No 1, pp. 11-22. (30) Rawlinson, J. G. (1981) Creative Thinking and Brainstorming, Gower, UK. (31) Schlange, L. E. , and Juttner, U. (1997), â€Å"Helping managers to identify the key strategic issues†, Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 777-786. INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 16 (32) Sugimoto, M. , Hori, K. , Ohsuga, S. (1996) â€Å"A system to visualise different viewpoints for supporting researches’ creativity†, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 9, pp. 369-376. (33) Taylor, C. W. (1972), â€Å"Can organisations be creative, too? , in C. W. Taylor (ed. ), Climates for Creativity, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 1-15. (34) Van Gundy, Jr. A. B. (1988), â€Å"Product improvement check list†, New Product Development Newsletter, New Jersay. (35) Van Gundy, A. B. Jr. (1993), Techniques of Structured Problem Solving, Chapman Hall, London. INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 17 Annexes Table 1: Stimulus to extend perspectives to approach a problem List the elements that would bring on success. List the elements that we visualise as failure. Visualise success seen from the viewpoint of fifty years from now. Visualise success seen from the perspective of one hundred years ago. Look for impossible and desirable ideas. Create analogies with other things that have been successful. Imagine and write down ideas that are wild, illegal, crazy, etc. Insert the problem from its present scenario to a totally different scenario. Return from the fantasy scenario to the present scenario and try to associate the ideas generated in the fantasy scenario, with ideas that might apply to the real problem. Imagine what people we admire would say. Search for pairs of ideas that are apparently unconnected and that can be associated by a third. Imagine that everything exists and all we have to do is find it. Change the level on which the problem is approached. Source: European Commission, Innovation Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998. Table 2: Brainstorming Phases Phase Orientation Preparation Warm-up Production of ideas Application Define the problem to be studied for the participants, clarify the rules of the game. Gather data and information necessary to approach the problem in an efficient manner. Carry -out the exercise: redefine a problem different from the one to be studied, experiment with it for a few minutes. Generate the maximum of ideas without prior judgement always ask â€Å"what else† quantity of ideas is quality no limits no criticise modify other’s ideas to produce new ones. Let the subconscious work. Gather the ideas generated analyse them work with logical thinking. Evaluate the ideas gathered and analysed develop and combine them before proceeding to put them in practice. Incubation Syntheses Evaluation Source: European Commission, Innovation Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998. INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 18 Table 3: Osborn’s Checklist Question Put to other uses? Adapt? Description New ways to use as is? Other uses if modified? What else is like this? What other idea does this suggest? Does past offer parallel? What could I copy? Whom could I emulate? New twist? Change meaning, colour, motion, sound, odour, form, shape? Other changes? What to add? More time? Greater frequency? Stronger? Higher? Longer? Thicker? Extra value? Plus ingredient? Duplicate? Multiply? Exaggerate? What to subtract? Smaller? Condensed? Miniature? Lower? Shorter? Lighter? Omit? Streamline? Split up? Understate? Who else instead? What else instead? Other ingredient? Other Material? Other process? Other power? Other place? Other approach? Other tone of voice? Interchange components? Other pattern? Other layout? Other sequence? Transpose cause and effect? Change pace? Change schedule? Transpose positive and negative? How about opposites? Turn it backward? Turn it upside down? Reverse role? Change shoes? Turn tables? Turn other cheek? How about a blend, an alloy, an assortment, an ensemble? Combine units? Combine purposes? Combine appeals? Combine ideas? Modify? Magnify? Minify? Substitute? Rearrange? Reverse? Combine? Source: J. M. Higgins, â€Å"Innovate or evaporate: creative techniques for strategists†, Long Range Planning, Vol. 9, No 3, pp. 370-380, 1996 (reprinted from Alex Osborn, Applied Imagination, Charles Scribner’s Sons, Inc. , New York). Figure 1: Lotus blossom sample INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 19 1 by packaging 4 smaller / bigger 6 other material 2 by design A product differenti ation 7 change color 3 other uses 5 plus ingredient 8 change meaning A product differentiati on D lower cost F supply flexibility B product quality core idea: increase product consumption G product credibility C customer needs E service quality H competitors product strategies B C D E F G H INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi